EPO and Alzheimer disease: Subsequent studies in a transgenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) mouse model of AD (APPSwe) administered 125 μg/kg IN-Neuro-EPO to 12 and 14 month old mice 3 times per week for a period of 3 weeks, finding that IN-Neuro-EPO alleviated deficits in motor responses and memory/learning impairments, and reduced microglial activation, hippocampal amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, and levels of TNF, Bax/Bcl2-ratio, and Fas [31].