In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 25 children (1–16 years) treated with daily IN-insulin sprays for a period of 6 months, IN-insulin improved developmental functioning by 0.4–1.4 months per 6 month period, with significant cognitive and social improvement in children <3 years of age, where PMS patients usually show delays in developmental growth [50]. Here, INS is linked to growth.