WNT1 and Parkinson disease: Moreover, L’Episcopo et al. showed the role of Wnt1 signaling in midbrain dopaminergic neuron degeneration and self-repair in mice PD-injured midbrain, proposing a protective role for astrocytes, releasing Wnt1 ligand into the extracellular matrix, binding consequently the Fzd1 receptors, and activating the Wnt canonical cascade in order to protect neurons from neurodegeneration and promote neurogenesis [167,168].