CATSPER1 and male infertility: Studies have exposed the connection of the sperm-specific cation channel (CatSper) and (KSper) in cadmium-induced male infertility, the Nrf2 signaling pathway in cadmium-induced oxidative stress, and MMP/p38 MAPK pathways in cadmium-induced apoptosis, and as well as enhanced autophagy in cadmium-induced testicular injury.