TGFB1 and cancer: TGF-β, which is produced by both the malignant cells and tumor stromal and infiltrating cells, endorses epithelial–mesenchymal transition, expands cell invasiveness and metastatic progression, promotes angiogenesis, plays a central role in immune suppression and immune cell polarization within the tumor microenvironment, and participates in tumor immune evasion and poor responses to cancer immunotherapy [10,12].