INS and endothelial dysfunction: In PA patients, apart from potential cortisol co-secretion, hypokalemia decreases pancreatic insulin release and insulin sensitivity in association with reduced glucose uptake by peripheral tissues (for instance, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue), while aldosterone-induced reactive oxygen species caused endothelial dysfunction and impaired glucose diffusion, all of which are contributors to glucose profile anomalies [59,60,61,62] (Figure 1).