PHGDH and breast carcinoma: Ser can be synthesized from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) through the enzyme phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), which is in a genomic locus of copy number gain in both breast cancer and melanoma, and whose protein levels are increased in 70% of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancers [42,44].