Tao et al. found that CD8+ T-cell exhaustion in MDS was partially dependent upon activation of the T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing 3 (TIM3)/Galectin 9 (Gal 9) pathway [Figure 4] and suggested that Gal 9 upregulation by MDSCs is responsible for this activation [179]. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.