TGFB1 and myelodysplastic syndrome: In addition, overactivation of the TGF-β signaling, via the upregulation of Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog/SMAD family member 2 (SMAD2) or the inhibition of the negative regulator Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog/SMAD family member 7 (SMAD7), correlates with myelosuppression in MDS [93,94].