MMP9 and neoplasm: In particular, CCL5 has been shown to support the αvβ3 integrin-mediated tumor cell migration through activation of the PI3K/AKT and NF-kB signaling pathways [129], and by increasing the production of matrix metallopeptidases 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 [130,131], able to promote tumor cell invasiveness.