Recently, novel lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encapsulated with mRNAs encoding cytokines including IL-12, IL-27 and GM-CSF were designed to elucidate a synergistic effect in suppressing tumor growth but not causing adverse reactions compared to GM-CSF or IL-27 mRNAs in monotherapy strategies [51]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.