CTLA4 and melanoma: Presently, in the first-line setting, the median overall survival (OS) of patients treated with combined programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibition has increased to 72.1 months in phase 3 clinical trials, and data on melanoma-specific survival (MSS) confirm the long-term treatment benefit of this treatment [5].