In addition, high expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/CJun/activator protein 1 (AP-1) in PDAC induces apoptosis of T cells, and galectin-1 promotes T cell apoptosis through activation of the JNK/C-Jun/AP-1 pathway, promoting PDAC tumor immune evasion [59]. Here, MAPK8 is linked to neoplasm.