CCL5 and colonic neoplasm: In particular, CCL3 and CCL5 should also be considered as potential modulators of antitumor immune responses in the context of CRC, with CCL3 being significantly upregulated on the mRNA and protein level in colon tumors compared to tumor-free tissue of the distal colon [47] and CCL5 showing enhanced secretion in colon tumors whose gene expression profile indicated increased type-1 T cell activity [35].