CCL4 and neoplasm: Although experimental in vivo administration of recombinant CCL4 failed to promote the cytolytic activation of mucosal CD8+ T cells and preferentially triggered Th2 cytokine responses [50], the intratumoral release of CCL4 can be expected to promote the recruitment of CD103+ dendritic cells and to subsequently enhance T cell priming against tumor-associated antigens [49].