TPI1 and infection: However, the infection rate in the present study detected using microscopy and PCR based on the SSU rRNA, bg, tpi and gdh loci was higher than most reports on G. duodenalis: 17.4% in Denmark in 2006 [25], 7.4% in the United States in 1994 [26], 9.5% in Poland in 2015 [27], 8% in Shaanxi in 2017 [15], 14.8% in Korea in 2020 [28], 4.26% in Taiwan in 2021 [29] and 0.97% in Hubei in 2022 [30].