investigated the efficacy of ICIs therapy in both AOM/DSS induced colitis-associated cancer and MC38 tumor-bearing models, they found that Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Olsenella species—that significantly enhanced efficacy of anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 (88). Here, CTLA4 is linked to cancer.