Cluster 2-Mφ-Cxcl9 was a group of macrophages that are closely related to NAFLD (26), specifically expressing the inflammatory cytokines Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Isg15, Lpl and Il1rn (27) (Figure 2C; Tables S2; S5). Here, ISG15 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.