TGFB1 and cancer: Thus, TGFB1 blockades have been considered to have great promise for enhanced antitumor activity; hence, anti-TGFB1 therapeutics, such as antisense oligonucleotide-, ligand-, and receptor-targeted neutralizing antibodies, and small molecule inhibitors were broadly tested in different cancer types (Akhurst and Hata, 2012; Colak and ten Dijke, 2017).