IL4 and brain ischemia: Rahimian et al. (2018, 2019a,b,2021) have concluded that activated microglia not only secreted TNF-α, IL-1β, ROS, etc. to promote neuroinflammation in cerebral ischemia but also secreted IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β to inhibit neuroinflammation and repair tissue. Galectin-3(Gal-3) played a key role in the activation and proliferation of microglia, which regulated angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and inflammation after stroke by activating several different signaling pathways, including IL-4, IGF-1, and Ga2+.