TNF and Sepsis: In murine models of LPS-induced sepsis and bacterial sepsis, B-1 cell-deficient mice showed exacerbated sepsis severity and increased mortality, accompanied by increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and decreased levels of IL-10 in the plasma, lung, and gut (Barbeiro et al., 2011; Aziz et al., 2017).