Colony-stimulating factor 1 can inhibit neuronal apoptosis and reduce the nerve damage caused by neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) by regulating the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)/phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCG2)/protein kinase A system (PKA)/uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) signaling pathway [22]. Here, UCP2 is linked to perinatal asphyxia.