TNF and autoimmune disease: Macrophages are involved in antiviral, anti-tumor activities, hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases, and immune regulation in adaptive and innate immune responses via the production of cytokines (such as interferon γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) (7).