Our previous studies have shown that E2F1/E2F3/Caspase-3 axis, which is associated with multiple cellular physiological processes, such as cancer stemness and apoptosis, was an effective anti-cancer pathway in liver cancer and breast cancer (including TNBC), and that TS had a positive effect on regulating such axis in HCC [9, 15, 17]. This evidence concerns the gene E2F1 and cancer.