TNF and dengue disease: A recent study analyzed a panel of 23 cytokines after a dengue outbreak in Taiwan and found that TNF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, CD54, CD62E, CD62L, and GM-CSF were elevated while CD106, CD154, IL-4, and IL-33 were downregulated during dengue infection, suggesting the activation of the immune system during dengue, contributing to disease severity, as the dysregulation of certain cytokines has major implications in dengue pathogenesis [67].