While the model of cytoplasmic uncoating was based on both fluorescence microscopy and a biochemical assay that leverages the restriction of HIV-1 infection by TRIM-Cyp (cyclosporine A (CsA)-washout assay), the reports that proposed nuclear membrane-associated uncoating of the capsid largely relied only on the fluorescence microscopy data. This evidence concerns the gene PPIG and HIV-1 infection.