Specifically, we measured transcript levels of TLRs 7 and 9, several type III IFN-related genes (IFN lambda 1, 2, and 3, IFNLR1, and the IFN-stimulated gene ISG15), and the chemokines CCL5 and CCL20 in cervical cells in response to HPV, in the presence or lack thereof of BV and other STIs. Here, IFNLR1 is linked to bacterial vaginosis.