These studies and our findings suggest that GD-NAIs exhibit anti-CML activity by targeting multiple pathways, including PD-L1 expression and the PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer, PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, TGF-β, estrogen, Notch and Wnt signaling pathways (Figure 10). Here, PIK3CA is linked to chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive.