AKT1 and Alzheimer disease: Caffeine has also been reported to suppress Hsp90 expression and stimulate degradation of Raf-1 (RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase), Ras, and Akt/PKB via ubiquitin-proteasome systems [209] and showing protective effects by elevating LC3-II (microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B) expression and activating AMPK in AD and PD disease models [210,211].