VEGFA and neoplasm: (1) Copper promotes the adaptation of cancer cells to the hypoxic environment by increasing the level of HIF-1α; (2) Tumor angiogenesis is necessary for tumor growth progression, wherein copper is involved in tumor neovascularization by directly interacting with angiogenic factors (VEGF and FGF) (86, 100)and regulating the synthesis of angiogenic molecules (101, 102); (3) Tumor metastasis often implies poor prognosis, and copper promotes tumor metastasis by promoting ECM construction and EMT.