The pathogenesis of PF is typically characterised by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and EMT, during which several factors change, including excessive accumulation of type I and type III collagens, the main components of the ECM, and the up-regulation of mesenchymal markers, such as α-SMA and vimentin (Hsieh et al., 2022). The gene discussed is ACTA1; the disease is pemphigus foliaceus.