VEGFA and cancer: It can also inhibit cancer cell adhesion and invasion while decreasing the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) through the downregulation of c-Myc in ovarian cancer cells; additionally, it can inhibit breast cancer proliferation by downregulating the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN)/AKT pathway via promotion of the expression of Ras homolog family member B (RhoB) (Chen et al., 2012).