TNF and AIDS: At the present time, treatment of individuals with LTBI (i.e. with no symptoms or clear signs of developing ATB) is recommended in order to reduce the risk of progression to ATB, especially in populations with a high risk of reactivation such as recent LTBI converters, immunocompromised patients living with HIV/AIDS, health care workers, and patients starting tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors [20,21].