IRF1 and COVID-19: Molecularly, synergism of TNF and IFN-γ engages the janus kinase (JAK)-STAT1 axis to induce IRF1 expression and nitric oxide (NO) production, which activates PANoptosis (Fig. 3) [12], underscoring the importance of these molecules in the pathology of COVID-19 and other cytokine storm syndromes.