CSF and blood NfL levels have been shown to be elevated in AD compared to control patients [43–45] but also in FTD [43, 46] and especially in ALS patients [47–49] which renders VILIP-1 compared to neurofilaments the more specific marker for neuronal injury in the tested neurodegenerative disease groups. Here, VSNL1 is linked to neurodegenerative disease.