INS and Insulin resistance: Otherwise, as shown in Table 1, the liver enzyme levels (aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels), parameters reflecting kidney function (including creatinine and eGFR) and glucose metabolism (including fasting plasma glucose, insulin levels, serum C-peptide immunoreactivity and the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) did not differ between the two groups.