Importantly, we found that the detected immune cell region resembles a tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS)60,61 with multiple features of TLS: the region is located near the tumor; the region primarily contains T cells and B cells, all of which are key cell types in TLS60,62–64; the region is enriched with chemokine signature genes such as CCL19 and CCL21 and T follicular helper cell signature genes such as CXCL13 and TIGIT (Fig. 5f), all of which are marker genes associated with TLS neogenesis in breast cancer60. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL13 and neoplasm.