HIF1A and HIV-1 infection: For example, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection induce HIF-1α stabilization, and stabilized HIF-1α upholds viral replication; moreover, HIF-1α plays an important role in SARS-CoV-2-induced and HIV-induced inflammatory responses (22, 23).