INS and Insulin resistance: These findings were strengthened by experimental studies, showing that an increased level of BCAA affects insulin resistance by either activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which results in uncoupling of insulin signalling at an early stage, or by an impaired BCAA metabolism, thereby causing accumulation of BCAA and mitochondrial dysfunction, which is associated with stress kinase activation and β-cell apoptosis [54].