Furthermore, Cu deficiency may lead to reduced NO levels by decreasing SOD1 levels, in turn promoting atherosclerosis via impaired endothelial function, reduced vasodilation, and increased oxidative stress.220 Given that both Cu accumulation and Cu deficiency are potentially detrimental to vascular integrity and function, maintaining Cu homeostasis is essential for preventing atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disease. Here, SOD1 is linked to atherosclerosis.