Nevertheless, recent in vivo studies in several animal models of inflammation (including those of autoimmune diseases and traumatic injury) suggest HDACi could be anti-inflammatory agents: for example, the pan HDACi valproic acid (VPA), at 500 mg/kg, induced decreases in mRNA levels of interleukin one beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), measured on day 13 and day 15, respectively, of treatment in both the preventative and therapeutic models of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) [4]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and autoimmune disease.