SMAD2 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In addition, our results also verified by cell coculture experiments that PPL NPs combined with LIFU can maximize the inhibition of TGF-β produced by a-HSCs, thereby affecting the TGF-β/Smad2 pathway of HCC, leading to the downregulation of Snail and N-cadherin and upregulation of E-cadherin, thus inhibiting cell migration and invasion and inhibiting the production of EMT, thereby controlling cancer progression.