Other studies have shown that lactate acts as an immunosuppressive molecule by promoting the survival of regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) [19, 22, 23], suppressing the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in cytotoxic T cells [24, 25], inhibiting the toxicity and cytolytic functions of natural killer cells [26, 27], and facilitating M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages via the ERK/STAT3 signaling pathway [16, 28]. Here, IFNG is linked to neoplasm.