CXCL12 and carcinoma: In addition, gene expression analyses of microglial cells co-cultured with carcinoma cells showed alterations of the Toll-like receptor (TLR), WNT/β-catenin, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1)-CXCR4, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and chemokine ligand 2/chemokine receptor 2 (CCL2-CCR2) signaling pathways.