CCL3 and infection: Our results indicate that infection with WT GBS significantly enhanced the production of IL-1β, MIP-1α, and TNF-α in the uterus, decidua, placenta, amnion, and fetus (Fig. 5, , ,  to 9 and Fig. S2 to S6) compared to the uninfected controls (*, P < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA; #, P < 0.05 by Student’s t test).