GDF15 and hydrops fetalis: GDF-15 reflects key processes like inflammation and cardiac remodeling in HF.6,7 Previous studies have shown the prognostic value of baseline GDF-15 level for HF outcome.8 Studies that have analyzed elevated GDF-15 specifically in patients with acute HF are limited in number.10,18–20 Unlike a single timepoint-based measurement, repeated measurements take into account the temporal evolution as a result of the dynamic natural disease progression.