The decreased levels of insulin-like growth factors-I and –II displayed in AD brains accompanied by the attenuation of insulin-phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt signaling activates GSK-3b (a major kinase that increases tau phosphorylation) and decreases glucose and Aβ uptake by astrocytes (Yang et al., 2015; Ferreira et al., 2018). Here, INS is linked to Alzheimer disease.