Neuropeptide Y (NPY), which is a 36-amino acid peptide that is co-localized with noradrenaline (NA) in sympathetic nerves innervating the cardiovascular system, is involved in the regulation of cardiovascular and neuroendocrine function (Callanan et al., 2007; Herring, 2015), and mental stress, such as panic disorder (Esler et al., 2004), enhances its release from the cardiac sympathetic nerves. This evidence concerns the gene NPY and panic disorder.