TGFB1 and Peritoneal Fibrosis: Happily, Astragalus injection effectively reduces MCP-1 expression, inhibits monocytes/macrophages recruitment and activation, and suppresses TGF-β1 production in rats submitted to peritoneal dialysis, indicating its mechanisms of anti-peritoneal fibrosis effects may involve both MCP-1 and the TGF-β/Smad pathways (Li et al., 2014b).