Substantial clinical data have shown that hyperactivity of inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, IL-6, and transforming growth factor–β (TGFβ), directly contribute to hematopoietic failure in BMF/MDS.1 (12–14), Chronic inflammation and enhanced innate immune signaling are also recognized as contributing factors of inefficient hematopoiesis (15–17). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and myelodysplastic syndrome.