Notably, the difference evaluation of AD biomarkers in the two groups found that individuals with cataracts had higher concentrations of NfL (p = 0.039) and p-tau181 (p = 0.029) but lower concentrations of Aβ40 (p = 0.031) and Aβ42 (p = 0.011), while the GFAP (p = 0.296) concentrations were similar in the AH compared to those with nAMD (Figure 1). Here, GFAP is linked to cataract.