For six genes related to hepatitis B and NAFLD, Cdknla (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A), Tlr4 (toll-like receptor 4), Fos (FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene), Jun (jun proto-oncogene), and Irs1 (insulin receptor substrate 1) in the CGLC group were upregulated compared to the HFD group, whereas Cdknla and Fos and Irs1 showed an obvious downregulation in the comparison HFD vs CK (Figure 7D and Supplementary Table 4). Here, IRS1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.