On the one hand, the circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-6 were significantly increased and resulted in T2DM in obese humans and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice (Luck et al., 2015; Zhou et al., 2018; Scheithauer et al., 2020). Here, TNF is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.